With year-round training, free agency, the proliferation of media and fan bases connecting through Internet forums, there is no such thing as an off-season anymore.
William Neff, The Plain DealerDoes sports -- particularly professional sports -- seem on a never-ending treadmill? You wouldn't be wrong. "[Fans] have an insatiable appetite for sports and the leagues want to deliver it to remain relevant," says David Carter, executive director of the USC Sports Business Institute. "Leagues do not want to give up the floor and they cannot afford to go dormant for several months at a time." CLEVELAND, Ohio -- Eight years ago, the Cavaliers were one of six NBA teams to play in the inaugural Las Vegas summer league, an event that drew few fans, required only one open concessions stand and was run out of the briefcase of basketball agent Warren LeGarie.
The fledgling league and others like it provided competition for teams to acclimate their rookies and give other young players a chance to hone parts of their game.
As the Vegas field expanded, NBA executives took charge of the league in 2007, marketing it as the first opportunity for fans to see future stars.Naturally, they made room for it on NBA TV, a 24-hour cable network bereft of much live off-season programming. It's where over the next eight days fans will watch rookies Dion Waiters and Tyler Zeller as part of NBA TV's 60-game, summer-league presentation.
Never mind the Indians are barely out of the All-Star break and the Browns are two weeks from training camp. The Cavaliers and the NBA are finding their audience three months before their first exhibition game.
"Fans want to stay connected to their teams and I think it's a good thing," Cavaliers General Manager Chris Grant said. "We see the passion, particularly in our part of the country, and we know fans want to get as much information about the team as possible."
Such is the reality of pro sports today. The confluence of year-round training, free agency and a growing media presence has virtually eliminated what we know as a traditional off-season.
Years ago, baseball began with pitchers and catchers reporting to training camp while football ended with the last missed tackle of the Pro Bowl. Now, the sports calendar is dotted with combines, organized team activities and made-for-TV specials like the ESPYs.
It produces surreal scenes like the one on July 4 in Columbus, as more than 350 fans spent part of their holiday in Nationwide Arena's auxiliary rink watching the Blue Jackets conduct development camp. Because what says Fourth of July like hockey practice?
"[Fans] have an insatiable appetite for sports and the leagues want to deliver it to remain relevant," said David Carter, executive director of the USC Sports Business Institute. "Leagues do not want to give up the floor and they cannot afford to go dormant for several months at a time."
Phil Simms, former NFL quarterback and CBS analyst, is more succinct: "It's about money and finding ways to make more of it."
The NFL, which reported $9 billion in revenues last year, pushed hard in the last summer's labor negotiations to add two more regular season games to its schedule.
The NBA, with its nearly $4 billion in revenue in the 2000-11 season, continues to enable its players to participate in the Summer Olympics.
More exposure generates greater interest, Carter said, and ultimately leads to new revenue streams. ESPN analyst and former basketball coach Jeff Van Gundy understands it's good for business, but wonders at what cost.
"I don't know anyone in the NBA who has four weeks off anymore," he said.
When did sports evolve into year-round enterprises for teams and athletes? How did we get from Leroy Kelly running for a 100 yards on autumn Sunday afternoons to Hines Ward dancing with the stars in primetime?
Some believe the genesis dates to Sept. 21, 1970 in Cleveland.
"Like watching grass grow"
Desperate to improve its primetime ratings, ABC took a risk by moving one NFL game per week to Monday night.
The telecasts were about more than just football. They gave fans new camera angles -- hello, Dallas Cowboy cheerleaders -- controversial story lines and irreverence like they had never experienced. It started with this introduction from a provocateur who had no previous NFL experience:
"It is a hot, sultry, almost windless night at Municipal Stadium in Cleveland, Ohio where the Browns will play host to the New York Jets. ... Good evening everyone, I'm Howard Cosell and welcome to ABC's Monday night primetime National Football League television series."
Carter and Joe Horrigan of the Pro Football Hall of Fame agree that Monday Night Football attracted more casual fans and different sponsors. It also demonstrated to sports and television executives that fans were willing to follow their teams and favorite players outside their normal settings. Boundaries began to stretch.
Cosell's rants had folks talking around the office water coolers for days and fans waited all week to see if their team's highlights made the halftime cut.
The first telecast set the tone for how sports and entertainment would become yoked. It was no longer Ray Scott calling down and distance for CBS.
"Fair Hooker, that's a great name, isn't it?" Don Meredith said of the Browns receiver. "But I haven't met one yet."
Spurred by its innovative success, ABC launched a primetime competition in 1973 called "Superstars," pitting athletes from various sports against each other. America saw Pittsburgh Steelers receiver Lynn Swann nimbly negotiate obstacle courses and heavyweight boxer Joe Frazier nearly drown in a pool. Sports figures no longer needed to be in season to be seen or discussed.
The advent of baseball free agency in 1975 got fans chatting through the offseason about ways their teams could improve and Pete Franklin and the burgeoning genre of sports talk radio offered them the platform to voice their opinions.
Four years later, an all-sports network hungry for original content approached then-NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle about televising the draft. Team owners initially rejected ESPN's novel proposal, calling it a "television show concept."
"I can remember people around the league saying, 'Who would watch the draft? It will be like watching grass grow.'" Horrigan recalled. This year, ESPN dedicated 82 hours of coverage.
With each passing decade, leagues seem to add length to their seasons with bye weeks and wild cards and extended playoff series. The NHL and NBA no longer hold best-of-threes or best-of-fives. Everything is best-of-seven.
NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell was unsuccessful in expanding the regular season to 18 games, but his league does not go a month without some event -- combine, draft, minicamp, rookie symposium -- putting it in the news.
In 1964, the last time the Browns won a title, the championship was decided on Dec. 27. The New York Giants won the most recent Super Bowl on Feb. 5, 2012.
"The Super Bowl is hardly over and we're talking about free agency and the draft," Simms said.
Full-time job
Chuck Crow, The Plain DealerWhen Casey Kotchman reported for the start of spring training, he arrived at a modern-day training facility in far better condition than his predecessors would have 50 or more years ago. That's true of all the main sports now -- athletes can't allow the off-season to affect their conditioning. Former Browns offensive lineman Doug Dieken did little off-season conditioning during his first seven years in the NFL. He was too busy working a second job to supplement his football income, which during his rookie year (1971) totaled $16,000. Dieken served as a substitute teacher and later helped college students find summer internships while in the employ of the Department of Commerce.
In 1978, the Browns offered players $50 a day and a maximum $200 a week to train in the off-season under Dave Redding, the organization's first strength and conditioning coach.
"I said, 'Dave, what can this training do for me?,'" recalled Dieken, who never earned more than $275,000 per season over 14 years. "He told me, 'It can add years to your career,' and I said, 'Well, OK, let's get started.'"
The evolution of big-money deals, the competition to land them and advances in exercise and nutrition have athletes in the gym roughly 11 months a year. The idea of using training camps to get into shape is as outdated as golf-cart rides from the bullpen to the pitcher's mound.
"When these guys, especially the young guys, get to spring training they had better be ready to go or they are going to fall behind the guys who are ready," said Mike Sarbaugh, the Tribe's Triple-A manager with the Columbus Clippers.
Franchises make multi-million dollar investments in athletes and schedule as many OTAs and minicamps and development camps as their collective bargaining agreements will allow.
Joshua Gunter, The Plain DealerBrowns radio analyst Doug Dieken never had the year-round training regimen of All-Pro Joe Thomas when Dieken played in Cleveland from 1971-84. Dieken was a substitute teacher and later helped college students find summer internships when the NFL season ended. Browns quarterback Brandon Weeden spent much of his spring and early summer in Berea prepping for his rookie season. As he was about to depart for his native Oklahoma on July 1 someone asked how he would spend his three weeks of "down time."
"I'll do a little bit of golfing," said Weeden, who will receive a four-year, $8.1 million contract. "But I'll be working out every day with [Browns receiver] Josh Cooper. You've got to stay on top of it because everybody else is."
Dieken chuckled as he thought about the changing times. He and some teammates who lived in the area used to make a few extra bucks and fill high school gyms playing basketball games against teaching staffs.
"We thought it was a great way to stay in shape," Dieken said.
If the NFL Network had been in existence, it might have televised the games to spare viewers of the 4,000th re-airing of The Drive.
Media matters
The Las Vegas summer league has expanded to include 24 teams playing in front of fans paying $22 per ticket in two gyms on the UNLV campus. The number of credential media also has risen dramatically. Blogging was in its infancy as the first summer league tipped off. Twitter hadn't been conceived. Now, any juicy tidbit or zesty quote is dispatched electronically in 140-character bursts and debated on fan message boards.
"The evolution of media, traditional and social, is a big part of the year-round story," Carter said. "There is so much more media interest in sports today and it's not just the outlets themselves. Something an athlete writes on his Twitter account could become news."
Just ask Colt McCoy's brother.
Athletes, franchises and leagues are all part of the media. The Blue Jackets, who finished with the NHL's worst record last season, are trying to provide original content on the team's Web site each day during the off-season. The Cavaliers are supplying daily updates from Vegas. In the post-LeBron James era, the team is not guaranteed to remain in the public conscious so it works every angle, including Web reports on Cavalier Girls tryouts.
"Teams and leagues want to be on the minds of fans all the time whether the content is legitimate or contrived," Carter said.
The NFL, NBA, NHL and Major League Baseball have cable networks to ensure their sports are always on television. The college ranks have followed suit as leagues (Big Ten) and universities (Texas) created their own channels.
And, if young athletes want to appear on those networks, some believe they must train like the pros.
"Even in youth sports you have kids working out 12 months a year," Simms said.
Van Gundy believes athletes and coaches would benefit from more opportunities to "rest and recharge." Increasingly, though, the only timeouts come during the games.
"It's so competitive now," Van Gundy said. "You adjust, you adapt or you perish."